ADHS

ADHS, abbreviation of Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. It typically begins in childhood and may continue into adolescence and adulthood; presentation and severity vary across individuals.

Diagnosis and subtypes: In DSM-5 and ICD-11 there are three presentations: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. Diagnosis requires a persistent symptom pattern before age 12 (per DSM-5) and impairment in two or more settings. Comprehensive assessment uses clinical interviews, standardized rating scales, and information from caregivers or teachers.

Causes and neurobiology: ADHD/ADHS is multifactorial with substantial genetic influence. Brain circuits involved in attention and executive function, particularly frontostriatal pathways, and neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine, show differences in many individuals. Environmental and perinatal factors can contribute. It is not caused by parenting alone.

Treatment and management: A multimodal approach is recommended. Interventions include psychoeducation, behavioral and organizational skills training, school accommodations, and, when appropriate, pharmacotherapy. First-line medications are stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamines); non-stimulants (e.g., atomoxetine, guanfacine) are alternatives. Ongoing monitoring for efficacy and side effects, comorbidity, and development is essential.

Prognosis and epidemiology: ADHD/ADHS affects about 5–7% of school-age children and 2–5% of adults worldwide. Many children improve with age, though symptoms can persist in a substantial minority. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment improve long-term outcomes and functioning.