ACjännitteet
ACjännitteet (alternating current voltages) describe electrical potential differences that vary with time, typically in a periodic fashion. In power systems the common waveform is sinusoidal, but other shapes such as square or distorted waveforms occur in some equipment.
Key quantities include the instantaneous voltage v(t) = Vp sin(ωt + φ), where Vp is the peak voltage, Vrms
Generation and distribution rely on AC voltages because transformers efficiently step voltages up and down. AC
Common voltages vary by region. Household voltages are around 230 V RMS in many parts of Europe
Measurement and safety: instruments can measure instantaneous voltages with oscilloscopes or compute RMS values with voltmeters.