4hydroksynonenaldehydi

4-Hydroxynonenal, often abbreviated as 4-HNE, is a reactive aldehyde that is formed in biological systems as a product of lipid peroxidation. Specifically, it arises from the oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid. This process occurs when cells are exposed to oxidative stress, which can be caused by factors such as inflammation, exposure to toxins, or aging.

4-HNE is considered a marker of oxidative stress due to its ability to react with various cellular macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It can form covalent adducts with amino acid residues in proteins, leading to changes in protein structure and function. These modifications can impair enzyme activity, disrupt cellular signaling pathways, and contribute to cellular dysfunction. The accumulation of 4-HNE-modified proteins is implicated in the pathogenesis of several age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular diseases.

In addition to protein modification, 4-HNE can also react with DNA, potentially causing mutations and contributing to genomic instability. Its presence in biological fluids such as urine and blood can serve as a biomarker for assessing the extent of oxidative damage in the body. Research into the biological roles and toxicological effects of 4-HNE continues to be an active area of investigation in the fields of oxidative stress, aging, and disease.