3DPerowskite

3D perovskites, sometimes referred to as 3D Perowskites, are a class of crystalline materials with the general formula ABX3. In these compounds, B is a divalent metal cation (most commonly lead, Pb2+), X is a halide (I−, Br−, or Cl−), and A is a monovalent cation that can be an organic ion such as methylammonium (MA+), formamidinium (FA+), or an inorganic cation such as cesium (Cs+). In the ideal 3D structure, the BX6 octahedra share corners to form a continuous three-dimensional network that accommodates the A-site cations in interstitial sites.

3D perovskites exhibit strong light absorption in the visible spectrum, tunable bandgaps through halide composition, and relatively high carrier mobilities with long diffusion lengths. Their properties can be engineered by mixing cations and halides, which also helps improve film formation. They can be processed from solution or deposited by vapor methods to yield thin films suitable for optoelectronic devices. This combination has driven rapid progress in device performance.

Applications of 3D perovskites include solar cells, where high efficiencies have been demonstrated in laboratory and commercial-prototype devices, as well as light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, lasers, and tandem solar cells that stack perovskites with silicon or other absorbers. Manufacturing approaches range from spin coating and blade coating to scalable vapor-deposition techniques, with ongoing refinements to improve uniformity and reproducibility.

Key challenges for 3D perovskites include environmental sensitivity to moisture and heat, ion migration, and lead toxicity. Stability is often addressed through compositional engineering (e.g., mixed A-site cations and mixed halides), introduction of bulky cations to form quasi-3D or 2D/3D hybrids, additives, and robust encapsulation. Research continues toward durable, scalable, and safe commercial applications.