2propenoic

2-propenoic acid, commonly known as acrylic acid, is an organic compound with the formula C3H4O2. It is the simplest unsaturated carboxylic acid, featuring a vinyl group attached to a carboxyl group (CH2=CH-COOH). The compound exists as a colorless liquid with a sharp odor and is miscible with water. Its reactivity arises from the carbon–carbon double bond, which readily participates in additions and polymerizations. It can polymerize on its own at elevated temperatures or in the presence of impurities, so stabilizers and inhibitors are used during storage and handling.

Industrially, acrylic acid is produced mainly by the catalytic oxidation of propylene, often via an acrolein intermediate, using air or oxygen over oxide catalysts. The process yields acrylic acid along with side products such as carbon dioxide and water. The material is usually purified and stabilized before distribution and use.

Acrylic acid is a key monomer for the production of polyacrylates and polyacrylic acid. It is used to make acrylic resins, coatings, adhesives, and textiles finishes. By esterification with various alcohols, it gives acrylate esters (for example, methyl or butyl acrylate) that are widely used in paints, plastics, and superabsorbent polymers. Polyacrylic acid and its salts are important water-absorbent materials employed in cosmetics, detergents, and hygiene products.

Safety and handling: acrylic acid is corrosive and irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Vapors can be harmful, and the liquid can cause burns. It polymerizes aggressively under heat, light, or in the presence of bases or peroxides, so inhibitors and proper storage conditions are required to maintain stability.