19982005

19982005 refers to the period spanning 1998 through 2005, a time of rapid globalization, technological change, and evolving geopolitical dynamics. It covers the late 1990s information age and the early years of the 21st century, marked by notable economic shifts, political events, and advances in science and technology.

Geopolitically, the era included the Kosovo conflict in 1998–1999 and NATO’s 1999 bombing campaign against Yugoslavia. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led to U.S.-led military campaigns in Afghanistan and, beginning in 2003, the invasion of Iraq. The early 2000s also featured ongoing international anti-terrorism efforts and reform discussions within global institutions. The European Union expanded in 2004 with ten new member states, and the euro was introduced in 1999 as a unit of account, with physical euro banknotes and coins entering circulation in 2002.

Economically, the period saw the bursting of the dot-com bubble around 2000–2002, followed by a slower global recovery. Global trade and investment trends intensified, with growing importance of emerging economies, notably China and India. The period also included increased focus on globalization, economic integration, and regulatory reforms in various regions.

Technology and science advanced rapidly. The Internet expanded dramatically with widespread broadband adoption, the launch of Wikipedia in 2001, and Google’s rise as a dominant search platform. Social media began to emerge in the mid-2000s, with platforms and services entering public consciousness. In science, the Human Genome Project published its final results in 2003, accelerating biotechnology research and personalized medicine.

Culture and media increasingly shifted toward digital formats and online distribution. DVDs became standard for film and music, file sharing influenced consumption patterns, and multimedia devices gained prominence in households and popular culture.