19131960

19131960 refers to the historical span from 1913 to 1960, a period marked by dramatic political, social, and technological change. It begins with the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the collapse of empires, and widespread upheaval across Europe, Asia, and the colonies. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and subsequent civil conflict reshaped Eastern Europe and influenced global politics, while the 1919 Treaty of Versailles contributed to instability that helped set the stage for later conflicts.

Between the wars, economies fluctuated and political extremism rose in several countries. The Great Depression of the 1930s intensified hardship and prompted new policy responses in many nations. World War II (1939–1945) brought massive human and material costs, redefined borders, and led to the creation of international institutions such as the United Nations in 1945.

Following 1945, the Cold War framework divided the world into allied blocs, while decolonization accelerated across Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. India gained independence in 1947, and many nations in Africa and Asia followed during the 1950s and beyond. The period also saw rapid technological progress, including advances in aviation, medicine, computing precursors, and the space program, beginning with the launch of Sputnik in 1957.

By 1960, the world was entering a new phase in which former colonies moved toward independence and new geopolitical alignments emerged, setting the stage for later social movements, economic development, and global diplomacy.