18301914

1830–1914 marks a focal stretch of modern world history that encompasses the late Industrial Age, the rise of nation-states, and the prelude to World War I. The period begins with the 1830s liberal and constitutional movements in Europe and the spread of the Industrial Revolution from Britain to continental Europe and North America.

Economically, this era saw rapid industrialization, the expansion of railways, and the emergence of the Second Industrial Revolution with new sources of power, chemistry, and mass production. Urbanization and social change accompanied the growth of labor movements, reforms, and debates over suffrage and political rights in many states.

Politically, the period witnessed national unification in Germany and Italy, constitutional shifts in Britain, France, and Russia, and intensified imperial competition in Africa and Asia. European powers established vast overseas empires, while non-European regions also modernized and reoriented politically and economically.

Culturally and scientifically, the era featured advances in science, medicine, and technology, along with significant shifts in arts and education. The era also saw key intellectual currents such as liberalism, nationalism, socialism, and progressivism shaping politics and policy.

It ends with the outbreak of World War I in 1914, a watershed moment that ended many 19th-century patterns and reshaped international relations. Thus, 1830–1914 is often treated as the long 19th century, marked by industrial growth, national formation, and global entanglements.