1700s

The 1700s, or the eighteenth century, encompasses the years 1700 to 1799. It was characterized by political realignments, scientific progress, and cultural change that reshaped global power.

In Europe and globally, the century was defined by major wars and dynastic shifts. The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) resolved succession disputes with the Bourbon claim in Spain. The Great Northern War (1700–1721) established Russia as a major European power. The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) affected Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. The American Revolution (1775–1783) led to the United States, with a constitutional framework enacted in 1787. The French Revolution began in 1789, signaling a broader shift away from absolute monarchy.

Society and economy: Population growth, urbanization, and expanding global trade under mercantilist systems linked Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. The early Industrial Revolution began in Britain with improvements to textile production, mining, and transportation. The transatlantic slave trade persisted until abolition movements gained momentum near the end of the century. Agricultural changes, including enclosure and new crop rotations, supported demographic growth.

Science and culture: The period extended the influence of the Scientific Revolution. Philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Kant shaped Enlightenment thought; scientists advanced physics, chemistry, and astronomy. Classical music flourished with Bach, Handel, Haydn, and Mozart; art and architecture moved toward Neoclassicism.

Legacy: The century laid groundwork for modern nation-states, constitutional government, and global economic integration, with lasting effects on law, education, and social structures.