17001800

The period 1700–1800, commonly called the eighteenth century, was marked by political realignments, expanding global trade networks, and advances in science and culture that helped usher in modernity. It saw the consolidation of rival empires, shifts in power, and rapid changes in technology and society.

In Europe, major wars and dynastic struggles shaped borders and alliances. The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) ended with treaties that redefined balance of power and colonial possessions. The Great Northern War (1700–1721) established Russia as a major European power under the early modern state system. Across continents, maritime powers such as Britain expanded their naval reach and commercial networks, while Prussia and Austria competed for influence in Central Europe.

Economically, the century witnessed the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, with innovations in textiles, mining, and energy that would accelerate in the next century. Agricultural changes, enclosure movements, and rising urbanization transformed rural life. Global trade networks grew, linking European markets with the Americas, Africa, and Asia, often through mercantile policies and colonial economies.

Intellectually, the Enlightenment spread ideas about reason, rights, and governance, reshaping politics, religion, and education. Philosophers and scientists advanced concepts in physics, chemistry, and natural history, while scientific societies and improved communications facilitated broader dissemination of knowledge.

The century culminated in transformative political upheavals, notably the French Revolution of 1789, and the emergence of new ideas about citizenship and rights. The period set the stage for the Napoleonic era and continued global political and economic change into the 19th century.