1403

1403 commonly refers to the year AD 1403 or to the integer itself. In the year 1403, the Ottoman Empire was in the midst of the Ottoman Interregnum, a period of dynastic civil war that followed the defeat of Bayezid I by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. With Bayezid dead in captivity, his sons contended for the throne, leading to fragmentation of the empire for about a decade. The interregnum concluded in 1413 when Mehmed I consolidated power and reestablished Ottoman rule. In Europe, the late medieval era continued to be characterized by ongoing political and military conflicts, including the broader context of the Hundred Years’ War and contemporaneous cultural changes.

As a number, 1403 is a semiprime, having the prime factorization 23 × 61. It is an odd, composite integer and is not a leap year in the Julian calendar. In numeral representations, 1403 is written as MCDIII in Roman numerals, 10101111011 in binary, 2573 in octal, and 0x57B in hexadecimal. It is the 1403rd natural number and has a stable, non-repeating base-structured representation across common numeral systems. Its mathematical properties place it among many semiprimes that arise in number theory and cryptographic contexts, though 1403 itself is small by modern standards.