12noters
12noters is a descriptor used in musicology to refer to practitioners and theorists of the twelve‑note technique, a form of serial music developed in the early 20th century by Arnold Schoenberg and carried forward by his students. The approach seeks to avoid establishing a traditional tonal center by using tone rows that contain all twelve pitch classes in a nonrepeating order. The term encompasses composers, theorists, and educators who study and apply these methods in composition and analysis.
The method emerged in the 1920s in Central Europe, with Schoenberg laying the groundwork and Webern and
Core techniques associated with 12noters include constructing a tone row that uses each of the twelve semitones,
Notable figures traditionally linked with twelve‑tone practice include Schoenberg, Webern, and Berg, with later advocates and