12523

12523 is a natural number that comes after 12522 and before 12524. In mathematics, it is an odd composite number. Its prime factorization is 12523 = 7 × 1789, where 7 and 1789 are primes, making 12523 a semiprime (the product of two primes).

In terms of digit and base representations, 12523 has several common forms. Its decimal digit sum is 1 + 2 + 5 + 2 + 3 = 13, giving a digital root of 4. It is not divisible by 3 or 9, and with a last digit of 3 it is not divisible by 5. In hexadecimal, 12523 equals 0x30EB. In binary, it is 11000011101011. In octal, it is 30353_8.

From a number-theory perspective, 12523 is notable as an example of a semiprime, since it has exactly two prime factors counted with multiplicity. Semiprimes are studied in the context of factoring and integer factorization problems, and they occur frequently in discussions of primality testing and cryptographic algorithms as simple cases illustrating the concept of composite numbers with a restricted factor structure.

There are no widely documented historical events or widely recognized applications specifically tied to the number 12523. As with many integers, it serves as a data point in broader mathematical investigations rather than as a named object with a distinct historical footprint.