ópium

Opium is a dried latex obtained from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. This plant has been cultivated for its medicinal and recreational properties for thousands of years, with historical evidence suggesting its use dating back to ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. The latex is harvested by incising the unripe seed pods of the poppy, and the milky sap that oozes out is then dried.

The primary psychoactive compounds in opium are alkaloids, most notably morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Morphine is a powerful analgesic, meaning it relieves pain, and is a cornerstone of modern pain management. Codeine also possesses analgesic properties and is often used in cough syrups. Thebaine is a precursor for the synthesis of other opioids.

Opium and its derivatives are classified as opioids. While they have significant medical applications, their potent effects also lead to a high potential for addiction and abuse. Recreational use of opium has been associated with various health risks, including respiratory depression, constipation, and long-term dependence. Its production and distribution are strictly controlled in most countries due to these concerns. The historical significance of opium is vast, influencing trade routes, economies, and even geopolitical events throughout history.