Órajeleit

Órajeleit, in electronics, are clock signals that provide timing references for synchronous digital systems. They are periodic, usually square waves, used to coordinate when data is captured, processed, or transferred. The clock domain refers to components that operate under the same clock signal. Clock sources range from crystal oscillators and MEMS oscillators to reference oscillators fed into phase‑locked loops or frequency multipliers to produce system clocks with the required frequency and duty cycle.

Key characteristics include frequency, duty cycle, phase, and timing stability. In most digital designs a 50% duty cycle is ideal, though practical circuits may deviate. The clock signal’s exact arrival time at different parts of a circuit must be kept within specified margins to avoid timing errors.

Distribution networks, such as clock trees or grids, aim to deliver low skew and minimal jitter. Skew is the difference in clock arrival times between components; jitter is the edge timing variation from cycle to cycle. Designers use clock buffers, fan‑out, careful PCB layout, shielding, and, when needed, multiple synchronized clocks and clock domain crossing strategies to maintain data integrity.

Applications span CPUs, GPUs, memory interfaces, FPGAs and ASICs, as well as digital communication systems and data converters. System developers may reference external clocks, for example 10 MHz, 25 MHz, or 32.768 kHz, and derive other frequencies from them. Synchronization across domains and power‑management features such as dynamic frequency scaling add further considerations for órajeleit.