þvagfærasjúkdóma

þvagfærasjúkdóma (urinary tract diseases) refer to a range of medical conditions affecting the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These disorders can arise from infections, structural abnormalities, or functional impairments and often manifest with symptoms such as frequent urination, pain, blood in the urine (hematuria), or urinary urgency.

One of the most common þvagfærasjúkdóma is þvagvegsbrennslur (urinary tract infections, UTIs), typically caused by bacterial invasion, most often *Escherichia coli*. UTIs can affect any part of the urinary tract, with cystitis (bladder infection) being the most prevalent. If left untreated, infections may ascend to the kidneys, leading to pyelonephritis, a potentially serious condition that can cause fever, flank pain, and systemic symptoms.

Other notable þvagfærasjúkdóma include þvagsteinn (urinary stones), which form when minerals crystallize in the urine, often causing severe pain as they pass through the urinary tract. Structural issues, such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), where urine flows backward into the ureters, can also contribute to recurrent infections, particularly in children. Chronic conditions like þvagblöðrun (chronic kidney disease) may develop due to long-term damage from infections, hypertension, or diabetes, impairing kidney function over time.

Diagnosis often involves urinalysis, imaging studies (such as ultrasound or CT scans), and sometimes cystoscopy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, ranging from antibiotics for infections to surgical intervention for structural problems or stone removal. Prevention strategies include maintaining proper hydration, practicing good hygiene, and addressing underlying health conditions that may predispose individuals to urinary tract issues. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to preventing complications and preserving urinary system function.