üksnumber

Üksnumber, also known as the Estonian national identification number, is a unique personal identifier assigned to every resident of Estonia. Introduced in 1934, it was initially used for administrative purposes but gained renewed importance after Estonia regained independence in 1991. The system was modernized in 2006 to align with digitalization efforts, becoming a cornerstone of Estonia’s e-governance infrastructure.

The number consists of 11 digits, structured as follows: the first six digits represent the birth date (DDMMYY), the next four digits are a unique sequential number assigned to the individual, and the final digit is a checksum. This format ensures accuracy and prevents duplication. The checksum is calculated using a weighted sum of the preceding digits, providing a basic error-checking mechanism.

Üksnumber serves multiple functions in Estonia’s digital society. It is used for accessing public services, such as healthcare, education, and social benefits, as well as for financial transactions, voting, and digital identity verification. The system integrates with Estonia’s extensive e-residency program, allowing non-residents to conduct business remotely while using their Estonian identification number.

Privacy and security are prioritized in the system. Personal data is protected under Estonian law, and access to the number is restricted to authorized entities. The government employs encryption and strict access controls to safeguard against unauthorized use or breaches.

Üksnumber exemplifies Estonia’s commitment to digital innovation, enabling seamless interactions between citizens and institutions while maintaining efficiency and security. Its adoption reflects broader trends in modern governance, where digital identification plays a crucial role in streamlining administrative processes.