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Edema, also known as oedema, is the medical term for swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues. It is a common symptom that can affect various parts of the body, most frequently the legs, ankles, and feet, but it can also occur in the hands, face, abdomen, or lungs. The swelling happens when small blood vessels in the body leak fluid, which then accumulates in the surrounding tissues.

Several factors can lead to edema. These include standing or sitting for too long, particularly in hot weather, eating too much salt, which causes the body to retain water, and pregnancy, due to hormonal changes and pressure on the circulatory system. Certain medications, such as those for high blood pressure, diabetes, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can also contribute to fluid retention.

More serious underlying medical conditions can also cause edema. These include heart failure, where the heart's inability to pump blood efficiently leads to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body. Kidney disease can impair the kidneys' ability to remove excess fluid and sodium from the blood, resulting in swelling. Liver disease, specifically cirrhosis, can affect the production of proteins that help keep fluid in the bloodstream, leading to fluid accumulation. Other causes can include lymphatic system blockages, severe allergic reactions, and malnutrition.

Treatment for edema depends on the underlying cause. For mild cases, simple measures like elevating the affected limb, reducing salt intake, and regular exercise can be effective. However, if edema is a symptom of a more serious medical condition, addressing that condition is paramount. This may involve medication adjustments, dietary changes, or specific treatments for heart, kidney, or liver problems. If you experience sudden or severe swelling, or if it is accompanied by other concerning symptoms like shortness of breath, it is important to seek medical attention.