ónæmisbilun

Ónæmisbilun, also known as immunodeficiency, refers to a state where the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. This impairment can affect one or more components of the immune system, including cells, antibodies, or complement proteins.

There are two main categories of immunodeficiency. Primary immunodeficiencies, also known as inherited or congenital immunodeficiencies, are genetic disorders present from birth. These are often rare and can manifest in various ways, from mild susceptibility to infections to severe, life-threatening conditions. Examples include severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).

Secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired later in life and are caused by external factors. These can include malnutrition, certain medications (like immunosuppressants used in organ transplantation or chemotherapy), infections (such as HIV/AIDS), chronic diseases (like diabetes or cancer), and environmental exposures. Secondary immunodeficiencies are far more common than primary ones.

Individuals with immunodeficiency are more prone to infections that a healthy immune system would typically manage. These infections can be recurrent, severe, and caused by organisms that are usually harmless. Diagnosis often involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and specific laboratory tests to assess immune cell function and antibody levels. Treatment strategies vary depending on the type and severity of the immunodeficiency and may include medications, antibody replacement therapy, or in some cases, stem cell transplantation.