Überschusszuständen
Überschusszustände is a term used in physics and related disciplines to describe states of a system in which a quantity such as energy or particles exceeds the level present in a reference equilibrium state. The word combines Überschuss (surplus) and Zustand (state), and its usage varies by field.
In a general sense, Überschusszustände are configurations or microstates that lie outside the typical equilibrium distribution.
Contexts where the term appears include nonequilibrium thermodynamics, quantum statistics, and reaction kinetics. In open systems,
Mathematically, the concept is often treated within frameworks of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics or grand-canonical ensembles, where
The term is not tied to a single formalism and its exact definition can differ between fields.