Áttétes

Áttétes is a term used to describe a tumor that has spread from a primary cancer to distant sites in the body. A metastasis is the growth of cancer cells in a location separate from the original tumor, forming secondary tumors. The process typically involves invasion of the circulatory or lymphatic systems, allowing cancer cells to travel and colonize distant tissues.

Common primary cancers that give rise to metastases include breast, lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers, as well as malignant melanoma. Metastases most frequently affect the bones, liver, lungs, and brain, but can involve virtually any organ. The presence of distant metastases usually corresponds to a higher stage of disease and influences treatment choices and prognosis.

Diagnosis combines imaging and histopathology. Imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET-CT) help identify metastatic lesions. Confirmation is typically obtained by biopsy or sampling to determine histology and the tissue of origin. In the TNM staging system, distant metastasis is indicated as M1.

Treatment aims to control symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve quality of life. Systemic therapies—chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy—are common. Local treatments such as radiotherapy or surgery may be used to relieve pain, prevent fractures, or control specific lesions. Treatment plans are individualized based on cancer type, the extent and location of metastases, and the patient’s overall condition.

Prognosis varies widely depending on cancer type, metastatic burden, and response to therapy. Some metastatic cancers respond well to modern treatments, while others have limited options and poorer outcomes.