záporok

Záporok is a term used in Czech linguistics to describe the set of words and particles that express negation in a clause. The core item in this category is the negative particle ne, which typically precedes the verb to negate the predicate (for example, Nechodím = I do not go). Beyond ne, záporok includes negative pronouns, determiners, and adverbs such as nikdo (nobody), nic (nothing), žádný (none), and nikdy (never). Collectively they function to express denial, absence, or opposition to a statement.

In grammar, záporok words can combine with the verb or appear as independent elements to shape negation. The standard Czech negation relies on ne in combination with other negative words; for instance Nikdo nepřišel (No one came) uses ne with a negative pronoun, while To není pravda (That is not true) uses ne to negate the predicative. Some forms can emphasize negation through word order or by pairing ne with multiple negative elements in colloquial speech, though in formal usage double negation is typically avoided unless for emphasis.

Usage and nuances: Záporok helps mark polarity shifts in tense, aspect, and modal constructions. It is distinct from lexical opposites such as antonyms, serving a functional role in negating propositions rather than describing qualities. In addition to Czech, Slovak grammar uses a parallel concept of záporok with similar particles and negative words.

See also: negation, negative particle, double negation, negative pronouns.