yantra

Yantra is a diagrammatic device used in Hinduism, Buddhism, and related Indian traditions as a tool for meditation, ritual worship, and invocation. The word yantra derives from Sanskrit and means instrument, machine, or device. Typically, a yantra comprises geometric shapes arranged in a precise pattern that serves as a focal point for spiritual contemplation and the channeling of energies.

Core elements include a central bindu (the seed point), surrounding triangles, circles, squares, and lotus petals. The symbolism encodes cosmology, divinity, and bodily channels. Many yantras are overlaid with seed syllables or bija mantras and may depict a deity or sacred emblem to be invoked during practice.

Construction and use: Yantras can be drawn on the ground or on walls, or manufactured in metal, wood, or paper. They are typically consecrated through ritual rites, cleansing, and the invocation of powers. Practitioners meditate upon the pattern, chant associated mantras, and visualize the deities or energies presiding over the diagram to focus awareness.

Types and examples: The Sri Yantra (Sri Chakra) is among the best-known and is considered a comprehensive representation of the cosmos and the goddess in Shakta traditions. Other common yantras include the Navagraha Yantra (nine planets), Ganesha Yantra, and protective or planetary yantras used in daily worship across regions. In Buddhist contexts, mandala-like yantras accompany tantric practices.

History and scope: Yantras appear in ancient Tantric and Agamic literature and have been used across Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain communities. They remain a part of devotional and meditative practice in South Asia and beyond.