xylenol

Xylenol is a historical or informal term used to refer to a class of methylphenol compounds known as xylenols. In practice, the phrase has been applied to several isomeric dimethylphenols—that is, phenol molecules bearing two methyl groups in addition to the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring. Because the exact positions of the substituents vary, “xylenol” does not designate a single compound; modern literature typically uses precise IUPAC names for each isomer (for example, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 3,5-dimethylphenol, etc.).

Chemical features of xylenols include a phenolic hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring that also carries two methyl substituents. They are generally colorless to pale yellow solids or liquids with a characteristic phenolic odor. They are relatively nonpolar and tend to be more soluble in organic solvents than in water. Like other phenols, xylenols are weakly acidic and can undergo typical electrophilic substitutions on the ring.

Production and occurrence: xylenols can be produced or isolated in industrial settings as components of xylene-processing streams or by selective methylation of cresols or other phenol derivatives. They may appear as individual isomers or as mixtures depending on the route and purification performed.

Applications: xylenols serve as chemical intermediates in the synthesis of dyes, resins, fragrances, and other organic compounds. They can also function as precursors in the manufacture of antioxidants, plasticizers, and agrochemicals, depending on the specific isomer and downstream process.

Safety: xylenols are corrosive to skin and eyes and can be hazardous if inhaled or ingested. They should be handled with appropriate personal protective equipment, adequate ventilation, and proper storage, away from incompatible substances. Proper waste disposal and regulatory compliance are required for industrial use.

See also: cresol, phenol, xylene, xylenol orange.