wiþstandan

wiðstandan is an Old Norse verb meaning to withstand, resist, or endure against something. The form reflects a compound of the prefix við- meaning against and the verb standa, to stand, conveying the sense of standing against a force or pressure.

Etymology and form: The prefix við- plus standan/standa is a typical Germanic construction for opposition. The use of the eth character ð in wiðstandan reflects its Old Norse orthography and phonology, marking the sound value often represented by th in modern transcriptions. Inflection in Old Norse would align with the language’s verb paradigms, though the infinitive is commonly attested as wiðstandan in medieval texts.

Usage and scope: The verb covers both physical resistance and figurative endurance. It can describe a fortress or person that resists a siege, a ship that resists a storm, or a speaker who withstands criticism or temptation. In surviving runic inscriptions, sagas, and law codes, wiðstandan appears in contexts emphasizing resilience against external pressure.

Historical context and modern cognates: Wiðstandan is primarily of historical interest, illustrating how Norse speakers formed strong, prefix-based verbs. In modern Icelandic and other Scandinavian languages, related meanings are expressed with cognates such as viðstanda or standast, depending on dialect and sense. These modern forms reflect the same core idea of opposing or enduring an incoming force, though idiomatic usage has evolved separately from the Old Norse verb.

See also: Stand-, við- prefix, Old Norse verbs, Norse prefixal compounds.