wingvenation

Wing venation refers to the pattern and arrangement of veins in insect wings, including the primary longitudinal veins and the crossveins that connect them. It is a key anatomical character used in taxonomy, systematics, and paleontology, with variation among species, genera, and higher taxa that often reflects phylogenetic relationships and functional adaptations.

The standard set of major longitudinal veins, typically named in the Comstock-Needham system, includes the costa (C) along the leading edge; the subcosta (Sc); the radius (R) with its branches (R1, R2, etc.); the media (M) with its branches; the cubitus (Cu) with its branches; and the anal veins (A). Crossveins such as r-m, m-cu, and cua-cup connect these longitudinal veins and help define cells and wing shape. Some groups show fused or reduced veins; hindwings often differ from forewings in venation.

Wing venation is highly informative in taxonomy. Differences in the number, position, and fusion of veins, the presence or absence of crossveins, the size of cells, and the presence of a pterostigma (a thickened, pigmented cell near the leading edge) are diagnostic at various taxonomic levels. Changes in venation are common through evolution and may accompany flight performance adaptations.

Researchers study venation by clearing wings, staining, and examining under light or scanning electron microscopy, using a standardized nomenclature to compare taxa. The Comstock-Needham system remains widely used, though some groups employ modified or alternative schemes. Wing venation also informs paleontological reconstructions from fossil wings, where preserved patterns help place extinct lineages.