vitamiine

Vitamins are organic micronutrients required in small amounts for normal metabolism, growth, and health. Most vitamins cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by the human body and must be obtained from the diet, though some are produced in small amounts by gut bacteria or through metabolism of other compounds. They are commonly grouped into fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble vitamins (the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in liver and adipose tissue and can accumulate if consumed in excess; water-soluble vitamins are generally excreted in urine and pose a lower risk of toxicity, though excess intake of certain ones can be harmful.

Vitamins support a wide range of bodily processes. Vitamin A supports vision and immune function; vitamin D is important for bone health and calcium metabolism; vitamins E and C act as antioxidants; and vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. The B vitamins function mainly as coenzymes in energy production and the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins; folate is crucial for DNA synthesis and fetal development; vitamin B12 is required for nervous system function and red blood cell formation. Vitamin C also contributes to collagen synthesis and iron absorption.

Deficiency can lead to various disorders, including scurvy (C), rickets or osteomalacia (D), beriberi (B1), pellagra (B3), and different anemias (B12, folate). In many populations, deficiencies are uncommon but can occur with poor diet, certain medical conditions, or restricted intake. Foods rich in vitamins include fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy, meat, and fortified products. Some individuals use supplements to prevent or treat deficiencies; however, excess intake, particularly of fat-soluble vitamins, can be harmful and should be guided by healthcare professionals.