viskose

Viscose, or viscose rayon, is a semi-synthetic fiber made from regenerated cellulose. It is produced by chemically transforming natural cellulose derived from wood pulp, bamboo, or cotton linters into a soluble compound that can be spun into fibers. The viscose process was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and became a widely used textile fiber as a cheaper alternative to silk.

Production begins with purifying cellulose and converting it to alkali cellulose. This is reacted with carbon disulfide to form cellulose xanthate, which is dissolved in dilute alkali to create a viscose dope. The dope is extruded through spinnerets into an acidic bath, where cellulose is regenerated as filaments or staple fibers. The fibers are then washed, bleached, and finished before spinning into yarns and fabrics.

Viscose fibers are soft, have good drape, and absorb moisture well, making them comfortable and versatile for printing and dyeing. They have reasonable strength when dry but are weaker when wet, can wrinkle, and may shrink if not properly treated. Viscose takes dyes well and can be produced in various weights and finishes or blended with other fibers such as polyester or cotton.

Environmental and sustainability notes accompany viscose production. The process historically used carbon disulfide and generated waste streams requiring careful management. Modern facilities seek to reduce emissions and water use, while alternatives such as lyocell use more environmentally friendly solvent systems. Viscose remains common in clothing, upholstery, home textiles, and other industrial applications.