vigoroso

Vigoroso is an Italian musical term used as a directive in sheet music to indicate that a passage or movement should be performed with vigor, energy, and force. It denotes a robust, driving character, often with a strong pulse, emphatic articulation, and bold dynamics. The marking can appear at the start of a section or work as a stylistic instruction in genres from classical to contemporary.

Etymology: The term comes from the Italian vigoroso, from vigor 'vigor' or 'strength', with feminine vigorosa. In English, it is borrowed as a musical expression and used similarly in score instructions.

Interpretation and practice: In performance, vigoroso may imply a lively tempo within a broad range and a forward, confident motion. It is often paired with dynamic contrasts and can be used with other markings such as con brio or energico. The exact interpretation depends on context, the tempo context, and the composer's intent.

Relation to other markings: Vigoroso is related to other expressive directives like vivace, allegro, and agitato, but it emphasizes character and energy more than a precise tempo. It is used across periods—from Romantic to modern works—to signal spirited, forceful playing while accommodating the music’s phrasing and instrumental context.