venipunktúru

Venipunktúra, or venipuncture, is the puncture of a vein to obtain venous blood or to administer medications, fluids, or contrast media. It is a routine procedure performed by trained clinicians, phlebotomists, or nurses. Indications include diagnostic laboratory testing, therapeutic monitoring, blood transfusion, or administration of drugs.

Typical puncture sites are veins in the antecubital fossa—the median cubital vein, cephalic vein, and basilic vein. In adults the antecubital veins are preferred; in children or when upper-arm veins are not accessible, hand or foot veins may be used. The skin is cleaned with an antiseptic, and a tourniquet is applied to engorge the vein. A sterile needle or evacuated-tube system is inserted, and blood is collected into tubes in the prescribed order, after which the needle is withdrawn and pressure is applied to the puncture site.

Required equipment includes sterile gloves, a tourniquet, antiseptic agents, a needle or vacutainer adapter, collection tubes, and materials for securing the site after puncture. Proper patient identification and sample labeling are essential to ensure accuracy and safety.

Risks are uncommon but can include hematoma, bruising, infection, venous or nerve injury, syncope, or allergic reactions to materials. Contraindications include local infection, skin injury at the puncture site, significant lymphedema, or conditions where venous access is unsafe. Aftercare involves applying pressure until bleeding stops and avoiding heavy lifting for a short period.

Venipunktúra is distinct from arterial puncture, which is used for arterial blood sampling and carries different risks and indications.