vanadiumV

Vanadium(V) denotes vanadium in the +5 oxidation state, the most common and most oxidized state vanadium assumes in many chemical environments. In aqueous chemistry, vanadium(V) forms a family of oxoanions collectively called vanadates, including orthovanadate and other protonated forms, whose speciation depends on pH. The principal vanadium(V) oxide is V2O5, a solid that is widely used as a catalyst and catalyst support.

Compounds in the vanadium(V) oxidation state include V2O5, as well as salts such as sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) and ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3). These species are encountered in laboratory reagents, industrial catalysts, and various oxidation processes. Vanadium(V) oxides and vanadates are also studied for their electronic and catalytic properties.

Occurrence and production are linked to vanadium-bearing ores and minerals such as vanadinite (Pb5(VO4)3Cl) and carnotite, as well as titaniferous magnetite deposits. After mining, vanadium is typically extracted and converted to V2O5 or other vanadium(V) compounds for use in catalysts, pigments, and specialty chemicals. Major producers are located in regions with suitable ore deposits.

Applications of vanadium in the +5 state center on catalysis and energy storage. V2O5 is an established catalyst in the contact process for sulfuric acid production and in various oxidation reactions. Vanadium redox flow batteries rely on V(V)/V(IV) redox couples for large-scale energy storage. Vanadium compounds also serve as pigments and as alloy additives to improve certain steel properties.

Safety and handling reflect that vanadium compounds can be toxic and irritating on exposure; inhalation of vanadium pentoxide and related compounds is a noted hazard, necessitating appropriate controls in industrial settings.

History: Vanadium was discovered in 1801 by Andres Manuel del Río, who initially named it after the Norse goddess Vanadis; its elem ent name and recognition were later confirmed by others. The symbol V reflects vanadium’s identity across oxidation states, including vanadium(V).