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Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that advocates for actions that maximize overall happiness or pleasure, and minimize suffering. It is based on the principle that the morality of an action should be evaluated solely on its outcomes, rather than on the intentions of the actor or the nature of the action itself. Utilitarianism was first developed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 18th century, and later expanded upon by John Stuart Mill.

There are two main types of utilitarianism: act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism, also known as consequentialism, holds that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its outcomes. Rule utilitarianism, on the other hand, suggests that moral rules should be established based on their overall consequences, and that actions should be evaluated based on whether they conform to these rules.

Utilitarianism has been both praised and criticized throughout its history. Proponents argue that it provides a clear and consistent framework for ethical decision-making, and that it can help to promote the greatest good for the greatest number. Critics, however, contend that it can lead to deontological dilemmas, where the greatest good is achieved at the expense of individual rights or duties. Additionally, some argue that utilitarianism can be difficult to apply in practice, as it may require difficult calculations of the overall happiness or suffering caused by an action.

Despite these criticisms, utilitarianism remains a significant and influential ethical theory, with applications in fields such as economics, politics, and law. It continues to be a subject of debate and discussion among philosophers and ethicists, and its principles continue to shape our understanding of morality and ethics.