urologiaan

Urology is a medical specialty focused on the urinary tract of both men and women and on the male reproductive system. Urologists manage a broad range of conditions, from congenital abnormalities and infections to cancer and functional disorders. The specialty combines medical and surgical approaches and employs both invasive and noninvasive techniques.

Key areas include diseases of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; prostate and testicular disorders; erectile dysfunction; infertility; and uro-oncology. Common conditions treated by urologists include urinary tract infections, kidney stones, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, testicular cancer, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, and congenital anomalies such as hypospadias in children.

Diagnosis typically involves patient history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI), and endoscopic procedures such as cystoscopy. Treatment ranges from medications and lifestyle changes to minimally invasive procedures (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, laser therapy) and various surgical approaches, including open, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted operations. Urology also encompasses pediatric urology, female urology, and andrology.

Education and training require medical school, residency in urology, and often fellowship training in subspecialties. Urologists work in hospitals and clinics and collaborate with nephrologists, oncologists, radiologists, and other specialists to provide comprehensive care.