tváení

Tváení is a term in Czech and Slovak that denotes the forming or shaping of a material through plastic deformation, as opposed to removing material in machining. The standard spellings are tváření in Czech and tváranie in Slovak; tváení may appear as an alternative spelling in some texts. In English-language technical literature, it is generally referred to as forming or metal forming.

Tváení covers processes that give a workpiece its final shape by deforming it, typically with tools or dies, and without cutting away significant material. It applies to metals, polymers, and composite materials. Common forming methods include forging (hot or cold), rolling, extrusion, drawing, stamping, bending, and hydroforming. Each method relies on the material's formability, temperature, and the presence of lubrication to reduce friction and wear.

Key considerations in tváení include selecting appropriate tooling, controlling temperature, managing grain structure and residual stresses, and predicting final part properties. Formability limits, such as the forming limit diagram in metals, help design parts that avoid tearing or splitting.

Historically, tváení techniques evolved from ancient hammer-forging and shaping to industrial-scale metal forming during the Industrial Revolution, with further advances through automation, computer simulation, and new materials in the modern era.

See also: forming, metal forming, plastic forming, drawing, forging, extrusion, rolling. References: Czech and Slovak terminology in engineering dictionaries.