trombotsütopeeniast

Trombotsütopeeniast (thrombocytopenia) is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood, typically defined as fewer than 150,000 platelets per microliter. Platelets are essential for normal blood clotting, so reduced counts increase the risk of abnormal bleeding and bruising.

Causes of trombotsütopeeniast are diverse and may be categorized into decreased production, increased destruction, and sequestration. Decreased production occurs with bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia, leukemia, and myelodysplastic syndromes, or as a consequence of chemotherapy, certain viral infections, or nutritional deficiencies. Increased destruction includes immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), drug-induced thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and some infections. Sequestration in an enlarged spleen and dilution after massive transfusion can also contribute.

Symptoms vary with severity. Many people with mild thrombocytopenia have no noticeable symptoms. When present, signs include easy bruising, petechiae (tiny red or purple spots on the skin), nosebleeds, gum bleeding, prolonged or heavy bleeding after injury, and, during pregnancy, heavier menstrual bleeding.

Diagnosis generally starts with a complete blood count showing a low platelet count. A peripheral blood smear helps exclude pseudo-thrombocytopenia and assesses platelet morphology. Additional tests are guided by the suspected cause and may include infection screens, autoimmune studies, or bone marrow examination in certain cases.

Treatment depends on severity and underlying cause. Mild, asymptomatic cases may be monitored. Treatments for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia include corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab, or thrombopoietin receptor agonists. Refractory cases may require splenectomy. Bleeding risk is managed by addressing the underlying condition, avoiding anticoagulants or NSAIDs when appropriate, and providing platelet transfusions for major bleeding or before procedures.