trilingualism

Trilingualism is the ability to use three languages with varying levels of proficiency across listening, speaking, reading, and writing. A trilingual speaker may have a dominant language and two weaker ones, or maintain relatively balanced skills across all three. The three languages are often referred to as L1, L2, and L3, but their relative dominance can shift with context.

Acquisition of trilingualism can occur in two main patterns: simultaneous acquisition of all three from early childhood, or sequential acquisition where a second language is learned later and a third is added after some proficiency in the first two. The order of language exposure, the contexts in which languages are used (home, school, work), and opportunities for practice shape proficiency in each language. Language maintenance and attrition are dynamic processes influenced by age, immigration, education, and social environments.

The language repertoire of a trilingual individual is typically organized by domains of use, with some languages preferred for family communication, others for education or professional work. Code-switching or code-mixing may occur, reflecting flexible language use rather than inadequate proficiency. Proficiency in a given language can vary by skill (speaking, listening, reading, writing) and by topic.

Cognitive and social aspects are common research themes. Some studies associate multilingualism with enhanced executive control and metalinguistic awareness, though findings are mixed and context-dependent. Trilingualism also interacts with identity, cultural affiliation, and language attitudes, influencing how languages are valued and maintained within communities.