tratat

Tratat is a formal international agreement between states and/or international organizations that establishes rights and obligations under international law. It is usually written and legally binding, though informal understandings have historical use. Treaties may be bilateral or multilateral and can cover issues such as security, trade, environment, borders, or other subjects.

Formation and entry into force. A treaty expresses the consent of the parties through signature and subsequent ratification, accession, or other forms of consent. Many treaties specify a date when they enter into force, often after a certain number of ratifications. After entry into force, states are bound by its provisions. Registration with the United Nations is common to promote transparency and to facilitate monitoring under international law.

Content and interpretation. Treaties contain rights and obligations and may include dispute settlement mechanisms. They are interpreted in good faith according to the text and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969). General interpretive rules address how to resolve ambiguities, apply reservations, handle amendments, and determine methods for withdrawal or denunciation.

Impact and examples. Treaties are a primary instrument of international law, shaping relations between states and organizations. Notable examples include the Geneva Conventions, the UN Charter, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and various trade agreements under the World Trade Organization. Compliance, dispute resolution, and sanctions frameworks often accompany treaty regimes to uphold the obligations they create.