transfusioonireaktsioonide

Transfusioonireaktsioonid are adverse events that occur during or after a blood transfusion. These reactions can range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Understanding the causes and recognizing the symptoms is crucial for prompt diagnosis and management.

The most common types of transfusion reactions include allergic reactions, which can manifest as hives, itching, or fever. Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions are characterized by a rise in body temperature and are often caused by cytokines released from white blood cells in stored blood. Hemolytic transfusion reactions, which are more serious, occur when the recipient's immune system attacks the transfused red blood cells, leading to their destruction. This can result in symptoms like fever, chills, back pain, and dark urine. Acute hemolytic reactions are typically caused by ABO incompatibility.

Other less common but potentially severe reactions include transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), characterized by sudden onset of respiratory distress and pulmonary edema, and transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO), which occurs when the volume of transfused blood exceeds the patient's circulatory capacity, leading to symptoms of heart failure. Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) is a rare but often fatal complication where donor lymphocytes attack the recipient's tissues.

Preventing transfusion reactions involves careful patient identification, proper blood product selection and crossmatching, and vigilant monitoring of the patient during and after the transfusion. Any suspected reaction should be immediately reported to the medical team and the blood bank for investigation. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the reaction and may include stopping the transfusion, administering medications like antihistamines or corticosteroids, or providing supportive care.