towerhouses

A towerhouse is a type of fortified dwelling, typically with a square or rectangular plan, that became common in Scotland and other parts of Europe from the Middle Ages through the early modern period. These structures were primarily built for defense and often served as the residences of minor nobility, lairds, or wealthy landowners. Their design emphasizes verticality and a strong, defensible structure.

The primary defensive feature of a towerhouse is its robust construction, often with thick stone walls. Access to the lower levels was usually limited, with the main entrance often located on the first floor, accessible by a removable ladder or external stair. This elevated entrance provided an additional layer of security. Interior spaces were typically arranged in a series of rooms across multiple stories, connected by internal staircases. The ground floor often served as storage or for housing livestock, while the upper floors contained living quarters and, sometimes, a hall.

The strategic placement of towerhouses was also a key aspect of their defensive capabilities. They were frequently situated on elevated ground, near natural defenses such as cliffs or bodies of water, or at important strategic locations like crossroads or river crossings. While primarily defensive, towerhouses also functioned as symbols of status and power for their inhabitants, showcasing their wealth and ability to protect their lands and families. Over time, as warfare evolved and gunpowder became more prevalent, the purely defensive role of the towerhouse diminished, and many were later modified or replaced by more comfortable, less fortified residences.