tolueni

Toluene, also known as tolueni in some languages, is a colorless, flammable aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C7H8. It consists of a methyl group attached to a benzene ring (methylbenzene) and is a widely used industrial solvent and chemical feedstock.

Occurrence and production: Toluene occurs in crude oil in trace amounts and is accumulated as a byproduct of refining coal tar and petroleum streams. Commercial toluene is produced mainly by catalytic reforming of naphtha and distillation of coal tar; it is also recovered during various refinery and chemical processes.

Physical and chemical properties: Toluene is a volatile liquid with a boiling point of 110.6°C and a density of about 0.87 g/cm3. It is poorly soluble in water and readily dissolves in many organic solvents. It is relatively nonpolar and undergoes typical aromatic substitution and oxidation reactions in chemical syntheses. It is miscible with many organic solvents but forms immiscible layers with water.

Applications and uses: Toluene serves primarily as a solvent for paints, coatings, inks, adhesives, and rubber. It is also a key feedstock for the production of benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, and TNT, and has historically been used as an octane enhancer in gasoline formulations.

Safety and environmental aspects: Toluene is flammable and its vapors can travel to ignition sources. Prolonged or high-level exposure can affect the nervous system, causing dizziness, headaches, or fatigue. Safety measures include adequate ventilation, container containment, and personal protective equipment. Environmentally, toluene is volatile and degrades in air; it can contaminate water and soil if released in large quantities, with regulatory controls governing its handling and disposal.

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