tojástermelésre

Tojástermelés is the biological process by which a bird’s egg (tojás) becomes fertilized, initiating embryonic development. In most birds, the male fertile sperm is deposited in the female’s reproductive tract during copulation or via artificial insemination. The sperm travels through the oviduct, where it meets the ovum (eggshell) in the uterus (mag', also called the shell gland). There, the sperm penetrates the outer layers of the egg—first the outer shell membrane, then the outer shell membrane inner layer, followed by the innermost membrane—through a process called syngamy.

The fertilized egg, now called a zygote, begins to divide and grow while the shell is formed around it in the shell gland. The shell thickness and composition vary among species, providing protection and regulating moisture loss. After shell formation, the egg is laid and may be incubated by the parents or, in many commercial breeds, by humans in industrial hatcheries.

The timing of tojástermelés is closely linked to environmental cues such as day length and food availability, which influence hormonal cycles. In the wild, successful fertilization increases the likelihood of viable offspring; in captivity, reproductive efficiency is monitored by measuring hatchability rates.

Tojástermelés is fundamental to avian life cycles and has significant implications for conservation biology, poultry science, and the commercial egg industry. It also serves as a model for studying fertilization dynamics, embryogenesis, and the genetics of parental traits. Understanding the mechanisms and factors influencing tojástermelés aids in improving breeding programs and maintaining healthy avian populations.