thirties

The thirties, commonly referring to the decade spanning 1930 to 1939, also denotes people aged 30 through 39. The term thus covers both a historical period and a broad demographic cohort.

Economic and social context: The decade began in the aftermath of the Great Depression, marked by widespread unemployment, deflation, and hardship. Recovery varied by country, with programs such as the United States' New Deal aimed at relief, recovery, and reforms. Agricultural and industrial sectors underwent structural changes, migration and urbanization reshaped societies, and social welfare and labor protections expanded in many regions.

Political developments: The era saw rapid political radicalization in parts of Europe, including the rise of fascist regimes in Germany and Italy, and intensified conflict in Spain during the Civil War (1936–39). Appeasement policies and military expansion contributed to mounting tensions throughout the late 1930s. The decade culminated in the outbreak of World War II in 1939, following the invasion of Poland.

Culture and technology: Despite economic difficulties, the decade produced significant cultural activity in film, radio, literature, and the arts, with movements and genres that influenced postwar culture. Public works programs, infrastructure development, and innovations in electricity, aviation, and telecommunications contributed to long-term modernization and change.

The concept of the thirties as an age group: In social and demographic discussions, the thirties is an age range signifying early to mid-adulthood, often associated with career development, family formation, and evolving health needs. The term is used to categorize life stages and study patterns within populations.