theorbo

The theorbo is a plucked string instrument in the lute family, distinguished by a long neck and an extended bass register. It emerged in Italy in the late 16th century, developed from the chitarrone, and became a principal continuo instrument in Baroque ensembles. The instrument resembles a large lute, with a rounded body and a neck that extends beyond the soundboard to accommodate extra bass strings. The number of strings varied by maker, but most theorboes feature multiple courses of strings, including several high courses and a set of bass strings in the extension. The strings are typically gut and are plucked with the fingers of the right hand, while the left hand frets the neck to form chords and basslines.

In performance, the theorbo is used primarily to realize basso continuo, providing harmonic support and a foundation for melodies played by other instruments or voices. It is also employed in solo and ensemble repertoire of the Baroque period. Players read a bass line and figured bass notation, then realize the implied harmonies in real time, often adapting to the needs of the ensemble.

The theorbo fell from prominence with the rise of other keyboard and plucked instruments but experienced a revival in the 20th century through the early music movement. Modern theorbo players participate in historically informed performances of Baroque operas, cantatas, and instrumental suites, contributing to both continuo practice and historically oriented solo and chamber music.

See also: lute, chitarrone, Baroque music, continuo.