thefts

Thefts refer to the unlawful taking of someone else’s property with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of it. The precise definition and penalties vary by jurisdiction; some systems use theft as a general term covering various offenses, while others distinguish theft from larceny, embezzlement, or fraud.

Common forms include petty theft and grand theft, based largely on the value of the property taken. Related offenses include shoplifting, theft by deception, embezzlement, and receiving stolen property. Theft is distinct from robbery, which involves force or intimidation during the taking, and from burglary, which involves unlawful entry with intent to commit a crime. Digital or cyber theft covers theft of funds or data through electronic means.

Elements and defenses: Core elements typically include unlawful taking, property of another, intent to permanently deprive, and absence of consent. Some systems require movement of the property (asportation) or specify value thresholds. Defenses may include lack of intent, mistake, consent, or duress. Penalties depend on jurisdiction and form, ranging from fines to imprisonment; higher penalties often apply to grand theft or serious offenses. Statutes of limitations may apply.

Prevention and impact: Theft reduces owners’ security and has economic costs. Prevention measures include locks, alarms, surveillance, inventory controls, and proper supervision. In the digital realm, cybersecurity helps protect against cyber theft. Enforcement and statistics vary by jurisdiction and are reported by law enforcement and government agencies.