teratogének

Teratogenes are substances or agents that cause or increase the risk of birth defects, known as teratogenesis. These can be chemical, physical, or biological agents. Teratogens can interfere with normal embryonic development, leading to structural or functional abnormalities in the fetus. Examples of teratogens include:

1. **Chemical Teratogens**: These include drugs like thalidomide, alcohol, and certain medications such as isotretinoin. Exposure to these chemicals during pregnancy can result in defects like limb reduction, heart defects, and facial abnormalities.

2. **Physical Teratogens**: These include radiation, such as X-rays or gamma rays. High doses of radiation can cause fetal abnormalities, including mental retardation and growth defects.

3. **Biological Teratogens**: These include infections like rubella (German measles), which can cause congenital heart disease and other birth defects.

Teratogens can act at different stages of development, including the formation of organs, the differentiation of cells, and the growth of tissues. The risk of teratogenesis is often highest during the first few weeks of pregnancy, when many organs and systems are forming.

Prevention of teratogenesis involves avoiding exposure to known teratogens during pregnancy. This includes avoiding alcohol, certain medications, and high doses of radiation. Prenatal care and regular check-ups can also help monitor fetal development and detect any potential issues early.

Research into teratogens and their effects continues, as understanding these agents can lead to better prevention strategies and improved outcomes for pregnant individuals.