temperaturze

Temperaturze is a form of the word temperatura used in Polish grammar, but in many contexts it is treated as the reference to the physical quantity of temperature itself. Temperature is a measurable physical quantity that expresses the degree of hotness or coldness of a system. It is a state variable that, according to the zeroth law of thermodynamics, defines thermal equilibrium and governs the direction of heat transfer between bodies in contact.

Temperature is measured with devices such as thermometers, which rely on physical properties that change with temperature. Common measurement scales include Kelvin for scientific work, Celsius for everyday use, and Fahrenheit in some regions. Absolute zero, the lowest possible temperature, is 0 kelvin (−273.15°C). Conversions between scales follow fixed relations, and precise temperature readings often require calibration and consideration of environmental conditions.

Temperature affects a wide range of phenomena and applications. It influences chemical reaction rates, biological metabolism, and the behavior of materials. In physics and engineering, it determines phase changes, such as melting and boiling points, and is central to heat transfer processes—conduction, convection, and radiation. In climate and meteorology, average and extreme temperatures shape weather patterns, ecosystems, and human activities.

Linguistically, temperaturze appears in Polish as the locative form of temperatura, used in phrases like "temperaturze otoczenia" meaning "at the ambient temperature." In scientific writing, the concept is addressed with neutral definitions, units, and measurement methods, independent of grammatical form.