teleoperaation

Teleoperaation, also known as teleoperation, is the remote control of a device or system, such as a robot, by human operators over a communication link. It involves translating human actions into robot commands (telemanipulation) and providing sensory feedback to the operator, creating a sense of presence in the remote environment.

Common architectures include master-slave systems, where a local human operator manipulates a master device and the robot mirrors actions. Other forms include supervisory control with higher-level commands. Outputs typically include visual feedback from cameras and sometimes haptic feedback; inputs can include joysticks, exoskeleton gloves, or motion controllers. Latency and bandwidth affect performance; latency compensation and predictive control are common.

Technologies involved include communication networks (RF, fiber, and satellite), sensors (cameras, force sensors, and proprioceptive feedback), actuators, and control software. Safety and reliability are critical, with failsafe mechanisms, emergency stops, redundancy, and clear operating procedures. Security concerns such as encryption and authentication are increasingly important for remote operations.

Applications span space exploration (robotic arms and rovers), underwater exploration (remotely operated vehicles), nuclear decommissioning and hazardous environments, disaster response, industrial maintenance, and medical telesurgery.

Challenges and future directions include reducing latency, improving reliability, coordinating multiple robots, and integrating autonomy to ease operator workload. Advances in haptics, AI-assisted supervision, and shared autonomy aim to extend capable teleoperation to more settings.