tawaf

Tawaf is the Islamic ritual of circumambulating the Kaaba, performed by Muslims as part of Hajj and Umrah, and at times as an act of worship otherwise. The rite takes place in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, where the Kaaba stands at the center of the mosque. Tawaf is performed in a counterclockwise direction for seven circuits, symbolizing unity in worship of God.

Pilgrims perform tawaf in a state of ritual purity. Those undertaking Hajj or Umrah typically wear ihram garments and begin at the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad). They move together around the Kaaba in seven circuits, touching or signaling to the Black Stone when possible, while reciting prayers or Qur'anic verses. The circuits are counted, and the rite ends after completing the seventh round at the doorstep of the Kaaba. After tawaf, it is common for some to pray two rak'ahs near Maqam Ibrahim if space allows, and then to proceed with other rites such as sa'i when part of Hajj or Umrah.

There are several forms of tawaf depending on the occasion. Tawaf al-Qudum (arrival tawaf) is performed by some upon entering Mecca. Tawaf al-Ifadah is the main tawaf of the Hajj pilgrimage, performed after the Day of Arafat. Tawaf al-Wida (farewell tawaf) is performed before leaving Mecca. Tawaf al-Umrah refers to the tawaf performed during the Umrah rite.

Significance: Tawaf is a central rite in Islam, reflecting devotion, humility, and the unity of believers circling the sacred Kaaba. It is a prescribed or recommended act in the pilgrimage rituals, guided by religious authorities and local mosque protocols.