tardigrades

Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are a phylum of tiny, water-dwelling animals found in a wide range of moist environments worldwide. Most species measure about 0.3–0.5 mm in length, though some reach nearly 1 mm. They commonly inhabit mosses, lichens, leaf litter, soil, and aquatic sediments, from marine to freshwater ecosystems.

Anatomy and physiology: Tardigrades have a compact body with four pairs of legs, each ending in claws or suction pads. The body is covered by a flexible cuticle that is shed during molts. They lack specialized respiratory and circulatory systems; gas exchange occurs across the body surface, and nutrients are ingested through a tubular gut. They feed mainly by puncturing plant cells, algae, or small invertebrates with piercing mouthparts known as stylets.

Life cycle and reproduction: Reproduction modes vary among species. Many reproduce sexually, while others reproduce by parthenogenesis. Females lay eggs that may be deposited in the environment or carried by the parent, and some species brood eggs in protective capsules.

Cryptobiosis and resilience: The most notable feature of tardigrades is their ability to enter a desiccated, dormant state called a tun when water is scarce. In this state, metabolism drops to near undetectable levels, allowing survival for years in extreme dryness. Tardigrades can tolerate a wide range of extreme conditions, including high and low temperatures, high pressures, radiation, and even exposure to outer space under laboratory conditions.

Taxonomy and ecology: The phylum Tardigrada is divided into major groups such as Eutardigrada and Heterotardigrada. Tardigrades occupy diverse microhabitats and contribute to nutrient cycling and ecological processes in soils and aquatic systems.