synapsens

Synapsens is a proposed class of signaling molecules implicated in chemical synaptic communication. In theoretical discussions, synapsens are described as mediators that can produce both rapid, phasic effects and slower, modulatory changes at the synapse, combining features typically attributed to classical neurotransmitters and to neuropeptides. The concept has appeared mainly in speculative or niche literature rather than as a widely established category in mainstream neuroscience.

Origin and concept

The term synapsens is used in discussions about potential hybrid messengers that could be released from presynaptic terminals and act on postsynaptic receptors to influence immediate signaling as well as longer-term plasticity. Proponents suggest that synapsens may arise from diverse chemical families, including small peptides, amino acid derivatives, or lipid-like molecules. The idea emphasizes versatility in release mechanisms, including vesicular storage and calcium-dependent exocytosis, and suggests possible retrograde signaling roles in some circuits.

Biochemical properties and action

As described in speculative models, synapsens would interact with a range of receptor types, potentially including G protein–coupled receptors and ion channels. Their actions could encompass fast excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, along with activation of second messenger pathways that alter gene expression and synaptic strength. This dual action would position synapsens as modulators of short-term signaling and long-term plasticity.

Status in research

Synapsens remain a controversial and unestablished concept in contemporary neuroscience. While they are discussed in theoretical contexts, there is no broad empirical consensus or widely accepted identification of endogenous synapsens. Ongoing research and debate focus on distinguishing true hybrid messengers from mixtures of known transmitters and on refining detection and methodological approaches.

See also: neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, synaptic plasticity.